The Definitive Archive of
Valve Testing, Inspection & Certification Standards

A high-fidelity, data-centric archive engineered for absolute completeness. This resource provides engineers, inspectors, and procurement specialists with a granular, side-by-side analysis of the world's primary valve testing standards. It covers general pressure integrity (API 598, EN 12266, ISO 5208), pipeline-specific protocols (API 6D), and critical performance verifications including Fire Testing (API 607, API 6FA), Cryogenic Testing (BS 6364), and Fugitive Emissions (ISO 15848).

ARCHIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.1 Comparative Overview: General Pressure Testing

This table provides a high-level comparison of the most common international standards for routine hydrostatic and pneumatic pressure testing of general-purpose industrial valves. It highlights key differences in philosophy, pressure levels, and acceptance criteria.

Parameter	Test / Item	API 598 (9th Ed.)	EN 12266-1 (2012)	ISO 5208 (2015)	MSS-SP-61 (2013)	API 6D (25th Ed.)	JIS B2003 (1994)
Scope & Philosophy		Dominant in North American & API-centric projects. Prescriptive pass/fail.	Mandatory for CE Marking in Europe. Allows for defined, permissible leakage rates.	Global harmonization standard, very similar to EN 12266. Focus on leakage rate classification.	US-focused standard for commercial/utility steel valves. A "hydrostatic pressure test" standard.	Mandatory for API Monogram on pipeline & pigging valves. Highly detailed & rigorous.	General Japanese industrial valve testing standard.
Shell Test (Hydrostatic)	Test Fluid	Water (may contain corrosion inhibitor), Kerosene, or other suitable liquid of viscosity ≤ water.
	Test Pressure	≥ 1.5 × CWP @ 38°C (100°F)	≥ 1.5 × Max. allowable pressure (pₛ) at Room Temp. (RT)	≥ 1.5 × Max. allowable pressure at RT	≥ 1.5 × 100°F pressure rating	≥ 1.5 × Valve pressure rating at RT (PSL dependent)	1.5 × Max. allowable working pressure at RT.
	Acceptance	No visually detectable leakage from the pressure-boundary wall (body, bonnet, cover, end connections).
Backseat Test	Applicability	Required for all valves with a backseat feature (e.g., Gate, Globe).	Required if specified by valve product standard (Test P12).	Required if specified by valve product standard (Test F22).	Required.	Required for applicable valves.	Required for valves with backseating function.
Backseat Test	Test Pressure	≥ 1.1 × CWP @ 38°C (100ˆF)	≥ 1.1 × Max. allowable pressure at RT	≥ 1.1 × Max. allowable pressure at RT	= 100°F pressure rating	≥ 1.1 × Valve pressure rating at RT	1.1 × Max. allowable working pressure at RT.
High Pressure Closure Test (Hydrostatic)	Test Pressure	≥ 1.1 × CWP @ 38°C (100ˆF)	≥ 1.1 × Max. allowable pressure at RT (Test P11)	≥ 1.1 × Max. allowable pressure at RT (Test F21)	= 100°F pressure rating	≥ 1.1 × Valve pressure rating at RT	1.1 × Max. allowable working pressure at RT.
	Direction	Applied in one direction as specified.	Tested in direction(s) of intended sealing. Bi-directional valves tested in both directions.		Unidirectional unless specified otherwise.	Tested in both directions for bi-directional valves.	As specified by valve design.
	Acceptance (Liquid)	Zero visible leakage (0 drops).	Permissible leakage according to specified Rate (A, B, C...); Rate A is zero leakage. See Note [1].		≤ 10 ml/hr per inch of nominal pipe size.	Default: ISO 5208 Rate D. Can be specified otherwise.	No leakage.
Low Pressure Closure Test (Pneumatic)	Test Pressure	4 to 7 bar (60 to 100 psig) air or inert gas.	6 ± 1 bar (87 ± 15 psig) air or inert gas. (Test P12)	5.5 to 7 bar (80 to 100 psig) air or inert gas.	(Not a mandatory test in this standard)	5.5 to 7 bar (80 to 100 psig) air or inert gas.	0.59 MPa (~6 bar / 85 psig) air or Nitrogen.
Low Pressure Closure Test (Pneumatic)	Acceptance (Gas)	Leakage measured in bubbles/min, varies by size. See Note [2].	Permissible leakage according to specified Rate (A, B, C...); Rate A is zero bubbles. See Note [1].		N/A	Default: ISO 5208 Rate D. Can be specified otherwise.	No leakage (bubbles).
Test Duration (Holding Time)	Significance	" The Staring Contest ": How long must the pressure be held to check for leaks? Longer times = stricter standards & higher cost.
Test Duration (Holding Time)	Min. Time (Shell/Seat)	Short. 15s to 60s. (Dependent on valve size)	Medium. 15s to 180s+. (Size dependent)	Medium. 15s to 180s+. (Size dependent)	Very Short. Usually 15s. (Quick production test)	Long & Strict. 2 min to 5 min+. (Crucial for pipeline safety)	Variable. 1 min to 5 min. (Size dependent)
Check Valve Nuances	Low Pressure Air Test	Optional / Not Required. (Unless specifically requested)	Required (Test P12).	Required (Test F22).	Not Required.	Required. (Strict criteria applies)	Required.
Check Valve Nuances	Logic for Beginners	"It's just a simple flap." API 598 is lenient on check valves.	"It must seal like any other valve." European standards are stricter here.		"Quick check only."	"Pipeline integrity is paramount." No exceptions.	Standard checks apply.

[1] Per ISO 5208:2015 & EN 12266-1:2012, Leakage Rates. These standards quantify allowable leakage rather than a simple pass/fail. The rates are defined for both liquid (ml/s) and gas (mm³/s) tests and are a function of the valve's nominal diameter (DN). A valve can be certified to different rates depending on its design and intended service. For example:

Rate A: Zero measurable leakage (equivalent to API 598's visual liquid tightness and bubble-tight gas tests).
Rate AA: A special gas-tight category under EN 12266-1 for specific applications.
Rates B, C, D, E, F, G: Represent progressively larger allowable leakage rates. For example, Rate D is often a default for pipeline valves under API 6D.

The choice of leakage rate is a critical specification decision and must be aligned with the valve's product standard or the purchaser's specific requirements. See Section 4.1 for detailed rate tables.

[2] Per API 598, 9th Ed., Table 6: Low-Pressure Closure Test Maximum Allowable Leakage (Gas). The standard allows for a small amount of leakage, measured in bubbles per minute. The test duration must be sufficient to detect this rate.

Valve Size (NPS)	Max. Allowable Leakage (Bubbles/min)
≤ 2	0 (bubble-tight)
2½ – 8	12
10 – 18	20
≥ 20	28

Note: A "bubble" is defined as having a diameter of approximately 1/16 in. (1.6 mm). For resilient-seated valves, the requirement is 0 bubbles for all sizes.

1.2 Comparative Overview: Fire Testing

Fire testing (or "fire type-testing") is a destructive test performed on a sample valve to verify its capability to maintain pressure integrity and limit leakage after being subjected to a controlled fire. It is a design validation, not a routine production test.

Parameter	Test / Item	API 607 (7th Ed.) / ISO 10497:2010	API 6FA (4th Ed.)	API 6FD (2nd Ed.)
Primary Application		Quarter-turn soft-seated valves (Ball, Plug, Butterfly) and other general-purpose valves. The de-facto global standard.	Valves designed under API 6A (Wellhead & Christmas Tree Equipment) and API 6D (Pipeline and Piping Valves).	Check Valves.
Test Procedure	Flame Exposure	Valve is enveloped in flame, with average calorimeter temperatures reaching 761°C to 980°C (1400°F to 1800°F).
	Burn Duration	30 minutes.
	Post-Burn Action	Immediate high-volume water quench to induce thermal shock.
	Operability Cycling	One attempt to cycle open/closed during burn. One attempt to cycle after cooldown.	Three attempts to cycle open/closed after cooldown.	Valve is unseated/reseated with flow after cooldown.
Leakage Measurement	Through-Seat Leakage (Post-Burn)	Measured at both high and low pressure after cooldown. Limits are based on nominal valve size (e.g., ml/min/inch).	Measured at both high and low pressure. Limits specified in ml/min.	Measured at both high and low pressure. Limits specified in ml/min.
	External Leakage (Post-Burn)	Measured at both high and low pressure. Limits based on nominal size.	Measured at both high and low pressure. Limits specified in ml/min.
	Acceptance Criteria	Both through-seat and external leakage must be below the specified maximum allowable rates. The valve must also be operable as defined by the standard.
Pressure During Burn	Internal Pressure	Maintained at 75% of the valve's Cold Working Pressure (CWP) rating. (Low pressure tests are performed later, but the burn is High Pressure.)
Pressure During Burn	Logic for Beginners	"The Pressure Cooker": The valve isn't just getting hot; it's holding back a massive amount of pressure while its soft seals are melting. The metal backup seat must engage instantly under this pressure.
Qualification Range (Scaling Rules)	Scope of Approval	Broad Scaling. Testing one size typically qualifies: Sizes: 1 size smaller & larger sizes (e.g., test 4", qualify 3" to 8"). Pressure: Qualifies the tested class and one class higher/lower (rules vary).	Specific Scaling. Generally covers sizes larger than the tested valve (up to 2x size) and the same pressure rating.	Limited. Scaling rules apply, but due to check valve sensitivity, they are often stricter on orientation and flow conditions.
Qualification Range (Scaling Rules)	Logic for Beginners	"The Buy-One-Get-Many-Free Coupon": Fire testing is destructive and expensive ($$$). You do NOT test every valve. Testing a "Golden Sample" legally validates a whole range of similar valves (Scaling). Tip: Always ask for the "Fire Test Certificate" and check if your specific valve falls within its "Qualified Range."

1.3 Comparative Overview: Fugitive Emissions Testing

Fugitive emissions testing evaluates a valve's ability to prevent unintended leakage of volatile or hazardous fluids from the stem packing and body seals over its operational life. It involves complex mechanical and thermal cycling to simulate aging and wear.

Parameter	Test / Item	ISO 15848-1 (2015)	API 622 (3rd Ed.)	API 624 (2nd Ed.)
Scope & Purpose		Type test to classify valve sealing performance based on mechanical/thermal cycles, temperature, and tightness class. The most comprehensive international standard.	Type test for the GRAPHITE PACKING itself, not the valve. Establishes the performance of packing materials in a standardized fixture.	Type test for RISING-STEM valves equipped with API 622 tested packing. A simpler, more targeted test than ISO 15848-1.
Test Conditions	Mechanical Cycles	Defined by Endurance Classes: e.g., CO1 (500 cycles), CO2 (2500 cycles), CO3 (5000 cycles).	1510 mechanical cycles.	310 mechanical cycles.
	Thermal Cycles	Defined by Temperature Classes: e.g., t-RT, t-200°C, t-400°C. Involves multiple cycles between ambient and target temperature.	5 thermal cycles up to 500°F (260°C) for standard service or 850°F (454°C) for high temp.	3 thermal cycles up to 500°F (260°C).
	Test Fluid	Helium or Methane.	Methane.	Methane.
Measurement & Classification	Leakage Detection	EPA Method 21 "sniffing" technique at specified points (stem, body seals).
Measurement & Classification	Acceptance Criteria / Tightness Class	Classified by Tightness Classes (e.g., AH, BH, CH for Helium; AM, BM, CM for Methane) based on measured leakage in ppmv. AH/AM are the tightest.	Maximum allowable leakage of 500 ppmv during initial cycles, reduced to 100 ppmv for final cycles.	Maximum allowable leakage of 100 ppmv throughout the test. No gland/packing adjustment is permitted.
Stem Adjustments (Retightening)	Allowance during test	Allowed (with penalty). 1 to 3 adjustments are permitted. However, each adjustment changes the "Iso Class" suffix (e.g., SSA-1, SSA-2), indicating the valve needed help to pass.	Zero (0) Allowed. Test fails immediately if adjustments are needed.	Zero (0) Allowed. No retightening of gland bolts permitted during the test.
Stem Adjustments (Retightening)	Logic for Beginners	"The Exam Rules": API requires a "Perfect Run" (no help allowed). ISO allows "Retakes" (you can tighten the bolts), but your final score will show that you needed assistance. API is structurally stricter here.
Quarter-Turn Valve Coverage (Ball/Butterfly)	Standard Applicability	Covered. ISO 15848-1 applies to ALL valve types (Rising stem & Quarter-turn).	N/A (Material Test Only).	NOT Covered. API 624 is ONLY for Rising Stem (Gate/Globe). For Quarter-Turn valves, you must specify API 641*.
Quarter-Turn Valve Coverage (Ball/Butterfly)	Logic for Beginners	If you are buying a Ball Valve, do NOT ask for API 624. It's the wrong test. Ask for API 641. They are siblings: API 624 is for "Up/Down" movement; API 641 is for "Rotate" movement.
Production Testing	Routine Acceptance	ISO 15848-2. A simpler, non-destructive "sniff test" for factory production valves.	N/A	No specific "Part 2". Production valves are typically checked per API 598/6D, or user-specified Method 21 sniffing.

1.4 Comparative Overview: Cryogenic Testing

Cryogenic type-testing validates a valve's design for service at very low temperatures (typically below -50°C / -58°F). It verifies seat performance, external integrity, and operability after the valve components have been subjected to extreme cold and material contraction.

Parameter	Test / Item	BS 6364:2023	MSS SP-134 (2016)
Primary Application		The definitive global standard for testing valves intended for cryogenic service (LNG, liquid nitrogen, etc.).	North American (MSS) standard for valves with cryogenic service applications. Similar in principle to BS 6364 but with some variations.
Test Procedure	Test Temperature	Valve body is cooled by immersion in a bath of liquid nitrogen (-196°C / -321°F) or other specified cryogen.	Valve is cooled to the specified minimum design temperature, often -196°C (-321°F) using liquid nitrogen.
	Test Fluid	Helium or Nitrogen gas.	Helium gas.
	Test Sequence	Includes initial ambient tests, cooldown, multiple cryogenic seat and shell tests, and final ambient tests after warming up.	Involves a sequence of ambient pressure tests, cooldown, cryogenic seat/shell tests, and post-test ambient checks.
Acceptance Criteria	Seat Leakage (Cryogenic)	Specifies maximum allowable gas leakage rate (mm³/s) per mm of nominal bore (DN). E.g., 100 mm³/s/mm for gate/globe, 200 for quarter-turn.	Specifies maximum allowable leakage in standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) per inch of nominal pipe size (NPS).
Acceptance Criteria	External Leakage (Cryogenic)	Specifies maximum allowable gas leakage rate from stem seals and body joints. E.g., 200 mm³/s/mm of DN.	Specifies maximum allowable leakage from potential leak paths.
Gland / Packing Temperature	Requirement	Strict Control. The gland packing box must be located in the "vapor space" (above the liquid nitrogen). The temperature at the gland must remain > 0°C (or as specified) to prevent seal freezing.	Strict Control. Similar requirement. The test setup must ensure the stem packing does not freeze, validating the design of the "Extended Bonnet" (Long Neck).
Gland / Packing Temperature	Logic for Beginners	"The Penguin Rule": The valve's feet (Body) are frozen in liquid nitrogen, but its neck (Packing) must stay warm above the surface. If the neck freezes, the rubber/graphite hardens, and it leaks. This tests why cryogenic valves have long necks!
Cavity Relief (Self-Relieving Seat)	Test Method	Mandatory Verification. For double-seated valves (e.g., Gates, Balls), pressure is applied to the center cavity to ensure it relieves to the upstream side before over-pressurization occurs.	Mandatory Verification. Specific test to verify the "cavity relief" feature works. Failure to relieve leads to rejection.
Cavity Relief (Self-Relieving Seat)	Logic for Beginners	"The Anti-Explosion Check": Liquid nitrogen trapped inside a closed valve expands 600x when warmed up, turning the valve into a bomb. This test ensures the valve can "burp" out the excess pressure automatically.

2.1 In-Depth Guide: API 598 (Valve Inspection and Testing)

API 598 is the global standard for valve testing. Think of it as the "final exam" a valve must pass before leaving the factory. It focuses on two things: Does the metal body hold pressure? And does the closing mechanism actually stop the flow?

Test Name	What is it? (Plain English)	Test Pressure & Medium	Duration (Min.)	Acceptance Criteria (Pass/Fail)
1. Integrity Test (Body Strength)
Shell Test (Hydrostatic)	The "Balloon" Test. We fill the entire valve body with water and pressurize it to nearly exploding levels to ensure the metal casting has no cracks or pinholes. The valve is half-open.	1.5 × CWP (1.5 times the max design pressure) Medium: Water	15 sec to 300 sec (Depends on size)	Zero Leakage. No visible water on the outside surface. The metal must be solid.
Backseat Test (Hydrostatic)	The "Stem Seal" Test. Only for Gate/Globe valves. We open the valve fully to seal the stem from inside. This proves you can repair the top packing even while the pipeline is active.	1.1 × CWP Medium: Water	15 sec to 60 sec	Zero Leakage. No water coming out of the gland packing area.
2. Leakage Tests (Sealing Capability)
Low-Pressure Closure (Pneumatic)	The "Air" Test. We shut the valve and pump in air. Since air molecules are smaller than water, this is actually harder to seal than high-pressure water. Good for detecting tiny leaks.	80 psig (approx 6 bar) Medium: Air / Gas	15 sec to 60 sec	Soft Seat: No Bubbles (0 leakage). Metal Seat: Measured in bubbles/min (e.g., 1 bubble per inch of size is often allowed).
High-Pressure Closure (Hydrostatic)	The "Muscle" Test. We shut the valve and hit the seat with high-pressure water. This ensures the seat doesn't deform or collapse under maximum load.	1.1 × CWP Medium: Water	15 sec to 60 sec	Soft Seat: Zero Drops. Metal Seat: Measured in drops/min (Standard allows specific calculation based on size).

Beginner's Note on "Soft vs. Metal":
API 598 treats valves differently based on their seat material:
• Soft Seated (Rubber/Teflon): Typically Ball or Butterfly valves. They must be "Bubble Tight" (absolutely zero leakage allowed).
• Metal Seated (Steel): Typically Gate or Globe valves. Because metal-on-metal is hard to seal perfectly, API 598 allows a tiny amount of leakage (counted in drops or bubbles per minute). It does not have to be zero.

2.2 In-Depth Guide: EN 12266-1 / ISO 5208

EN 12266-1 is the European standard for pressure tests of industrial valves, a mandatory requirement for CE marking. ISO 5208 is its international counterpart, with nearly identical technical content. Their key feature is the system of defined, quantifiable leakage rates.

Test (Designation)	Description	Key Parameters & Notes
Mandatory Production Tests (Part 1)
Shell Strength (Test P10)	Equivalent to API 598 Shell Test. Verifies body integrity.	Pressure: ≥ 1.5 × max. allowable pressure (pₛ) at RT. Acceptance: No visually detectable leakage.
Seat Tightness (Test P11)	Equivalent to API 598 High-Pressure Closure Test.	Pressure: ≥ 1.1 × max. allowable pressure (pₛ) at RT. Acceptance: Must meet the specified leakage rate (e.g., Rate A, B, C...). Rate A is zero leakage.
Low-Pressure Seat Tightness (Test P12)	Equivalent to API 598 Low-Pressure Closure Test. Uses gas.	Pressure: 6 ± 1 bar. Acceptance: Must meet the specified leakage rate (e.g., Rate A, B, C...). Rate A is bubble-tight.
Decoding the "Grades" (Leakage Rates) - The Core of ISO 5208
Rate A (Soft Seated Default)	"The Perfect Score". No visible leakage allowed (0 bubbles, 0 drops).	Logic for Beginners: If the valve has rubber or plastic seats, it MUST be Rate A. If it leaks, it's broken.
Rate B, C, D (Metal Seated Defaults)	"The Sliding Scale". Allows a calculated amount of leakage based on valve size (DN). Rate D is the most common standard for oil & gas metal valves.	Logic for Beginners: Don't panic if you see "Rate D" on a metal valve certificate. It is NOT a failing grade. It is the standard physics limit for metal-on-metal contact.
Optional Type Tests (Part 2 - EN 12266-2)
Backseat Test (Test P21)	Verifies backseat integrity, similar to API 598.	Performed only when required by the valve's product standard.
Operability Test	Verifies that the valve can be operated at maximum differential pressure.	Torque/thrust values are measured to ensure they are within design limits.
Antistatic Test (Often required for ATEX)	Verifies electrical continuity between the stem, ball/disc, and body.	Why? Moving parts create static electricity. If not grounded, a spark could blow up the plant. Acceptance: Resistance usually ≤ 10 Ohms.

2.3 In-Depth Guide: API 6D (Pipeline and Piping Valves)

API 6D specifies requirements and provides recommendations for the design, manufacturing, testing, and documentation of ball, check, gate, and plug valves for pipeline and piping applications. Testing under API 6D is typically more rigorous than general-purpose standards.

Test Phase	Description	Key Parameters & Notes
Hydrostatic Shell Test	Verifies pressure-containing boundary integrity.	Pressure: 1.5 × rated pressure. Duration is significantly longer for large valves than in API 598.
Hydrostatic Seat Test	Tests both seats in bi-directional valves. Includes testing of the cavity for pressure relief.	Pressure: 1.1 × rated pressure. Acceptance: Defaults to ISO 5208 Rate D, but stricter rates can be specified.
Drain / Vent Test	For trunnion ball valves, verifies the integrity of the body drain, vent, and sealant injection fittings.	A specific, additional test not found in other general standards.
Gas Seat Test (Optional)	A low-pressure gas seat test can be specified by the purchaser.	Pressure: 5.5 to 7 bar (80-100 psi).
Double Block and Bleed (DBB)	Verifies the capability of a valve to seal off pressure from both ends and allow the cavity to be bled.	This is a functional test critical for pipeline service, not just a leakage test.
DIB Test (DIB-1 / DIB-2) (Double Isolation & Bleed)	Verifies that each seat can seal pressure independently, even if the other seat fails. Much stricter than DBB.	DIB-1: Both seats are bi-directional. DIB-2: One seat bi-directional, one uni-directional. *Critical specification distinction.
Logic for Beginners	DBB vs. DIB: DBB = "I can block pressure from both ends simultaneously." (Standard) DIB = "Even if the upstream seat collapses, the downstream seat will still save you." (High Integrity). Do not mix them up!
QSL Levels (1 to 4) (Quality Specification Level)	Defines the extent of NDE (Non-Destructive Examination) and testing documentation required.	QSL 1: Standard API 6D requirements. QSL 2-4: Adds mandatory Volumetric (RT/UT) and Surface (MT/PT) inspections. Higher QSL = Higher Cost & Longer Lead Time.

2.4 In-Depth Guide: MSS-SP-61 (Pressure Testing of Steel Valves)

MSS-SP-61 was historically a standard for hydrostatic testing of steel valves in commercial and utility services. While still referenced, its application has been largely superseded by API 598 for technical procurement. Its key distinction is its focus on hydrostatic testing only.

Test	Parameters & Notes
Shell Test	Pressure: 1.5 × 100°F rating. Acceptance: No visible leakage.
Seat Test	Pressure: 1.0 × 100°F rating. Acceptance: Specifies an allowable leakage rate in ml/hr per inch of nominal pipe size, which is less stringent than API 598's "zero drops" rule.
Pneumatic Test	Not required by this standard. This is a primary difference from API 598 and EN 12266.
Leakage Allowance (The "10ml Rule")	The Math: 10 ml per hour per inch of Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). Example: A 10" Valve is allowed to leak 100 ml/hr (approx. half a cup of water) and still PASS. *This is drastically different from API 598's "Zero Leakage".
Logic for Beginners	"The Economy Class": Use MSS-SP-61 for water, sewage, or utility lines where a little dripping doesn't matter. Do NOT use this for gas, oil, or hazardous chemicals. If you want "Zero Leakage," do not specify this standard!
Leakage Allowance (The "10ml Rule")	The Math: 10 ml per hour per inch of Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). Example: A 10" Valve is allowed to leak 100 ml/hr (approx. half a cup of water) and still PASS. *This is drastically different from API 598's "Zero Leakage".
Logic for Beginners	"The Economy Class": Use MSS-SP-61 for water, sewage, or utility lines where a little dripping doesn't matter. Do NOT use this for gas, oil, or hazardous chemicals. If you want "Zero Leakage," do not specify this standard!

3.1 Appendix A: German Standards (DIN)

The Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) provides a comprehensive framework for industrial components. While EN (European Norm) standards have superseded many DIN standards for valve design and testing to achieve harmonization across the EU, specific DIN standards remain highly relevant, especially for legacy systems, specific applications, and for components like flanges and materials that are integral to the valve assembly.

Standard Number	Title / Subject	Relevance & Key Features	Current Status	Superseded by / Correlates with
Primary Valve Testing & Inspection Standards
DIN 3230-3	Technical delivery conditions for valves; Compilation of tests, testing methods and acceptance criteria	This was the cornerstone of German valve testing. It defined test procedures (shell, closure, backseat), pressures, and acceptance criteria. It specified leakage rates from 1 (tight) to 3 (permissible leakage).	Withdrawn	EN 12266-1 / ISO 5208. The concepts of defined leakage rates in EN 12266 are a direct evolution of the principles in DIN 3230.
DIN 3230-4	Valves; requirements and testing for butterfly valves	Provided specific testing requirements tailored to butterfly valves, covering aspects like seat tightness and operational torque.	Withdrawn	EN 12266-1, with specific requirements now typically found in the product standard (e.g., EN 593).
DIN 3230-5	Technical delivery conditions for valves; Valves for flammable gases	Specified supplementary requirements for valves handling flammable gases, including material selection and enhanced testing for tightness (often requiring helium tests).	Withdrawn	EN 14141 (Valves for natural gas transportation in pipelines), and aspects covered by Fugitive Emissions standards like ISO 15848-1.
DIN 3230-6	Technical delivery conditions for valves; Valves for drinking water service	Focused on materials safe for potable water (e.g., KTW/DVGW approvals) and specific testing protocols to ensure public health safety.	Withdrawn	EN 1074 (Valves for water supply). National regulations (DVGW worksheets in Germany) are now primary.
Key Butterfly Valve Design & Dimension Standards (Relevant for Testing Context)
DIN 3354	Valves - General requirements	Defined general requirements for the design, materials, and marking of valves. A foundational document.	Withdrawn	Largely superseded by EN 19 (Marking of industrial valves) and specific EN product standards.
DIN EN 593	Industrial valves - Metallic butterfly valves	The current, active European standard for the design, performance requirements, and testing of metallic butterfly valves. It references EN 12266-1 for testing.	Active	Harmonized European standard, superseding national standards like DIN 3354 for butterfly valves.
DIN 3840	Industrial valves - Actuator attachment for butterfly valves	Specifies the dimensions of the mounting flange for actuators on butterfly valves, ensuring interchangeability.	Withdrawn	Superseded by ISO 5211 (Industrial valves - Part-turn actuator attachments).
Associated Flange & Connection Standards (Critical for Test Fixtures & Installation)
DIN EN 1092-1	Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated - Part 1: Steel flanges	The primary standard for steel flanges in Europe. Defines flange types (e.g., Type 01 Plate, Type 11 Welding Neck), dimensions, tolerances, materials, and pressure-temperature (PN) ratings. Essential for connecting valves for testing.	Active	Harmonized standard replacing older national standards (e.g., DIN 2501, DIN 2576, DIN 2633). Correlates with ASME B16.5 but is not interchangeable.
DIN 2501	Flanges; mating dimensions	This was the classic German standard for flange mating dimensions. It specified dimensions for PN6 to PN100.	Withdrawn	Superseded by DIN EN 1092-1. Still referenced in legacy documentation.
DIN 2527	Blind flanges	Specified dimensions for blind flanges used to cap off systems or valve ends during shell testing.	Withdrawn	Now covered within DIN EN 1092-1 (as Type 05).
DIN 2690	Flange gaskets - Steel gaskets for flanges with groove and tongue	Defined dimensions and materials for metallic tongue and groove gaskets, providing high-integrity sealing for testing and service.	Withdrawn	Now covered by standards like EN 1514-6.
Material & Certification Standards (Essential for Traceability & Verification)
DIN 50049	Types of inspection documents for metallic products	The original German standard defining material test certificates. It specified document types like 2.1, 2.2, 3.1B.	Withdrawn	Superseded by EN 10204. The terminology (e.g., "3.1B") has been directly adopted and is now "3.1". This is globally recognized.
DIN EN 10204	Metallic products - Types of inspection documents	The current, active standard defining the type of material test certificates. It ensures traceability of materials used in the valve construction.	Active	Type 2.1: Declaration of Compliance. Type 2.2: Test Report (non-specific inspection). Type 3.1: Inspection Certificate (specific inspection by manufacturer's rep). Type 3.2: Inspection Certificate (specific inspection by 3rd party).
DIN 1693	Cast iron with spheroidal graphite (Ductile Iron)	Specified material properties for ductile iron castings (e.g., GGG-40, GGG-50), a common material for butterfly valve bodies.	Withdrawn	Superseded by EN 1563 (Spheroidal graphite cast irons).
DIN 17240	Heat-resistant and highly heat-resistant materials for bolts and nuts	Defined materials for high-temperature bolting, critical for maintaining joint integrity during thermal cycling or fire tests.	Withdrawn	Superseded by EN 10269 (Steels and nickel alloys for fasteners with specified elevated and/or low temperature properties).
Critical Dimensional Standards (Will it fit in the pipe?)
DIN 3202	Face-to-face dimensions for valves	The "F-Code" Bible. This standard defined the famous length codes used globally: F1: Standard length for Gate/Globe/Check (PN10-40). F4: Short pattern Gate valves (very popular in water). F5: Long pattern Gate valves.	Withdrawn	EN 558 (Industrial valves - Face-to-face dimensions). Although superseded, everyone still uses the old DIN "F-codes" (F1, F4, F5) in daily conversation.
DIN 2401	Pressure and Temperature Ratings (Definition of "PN")	Defined what "PN" (Pressure Nominal) actually means. It established the "Bar" based system (PN16 = ~16 bar) vs. the American "Class" system.	Withdrawn	EN 1333. It solidifies the concept that PN is the European logic (Design Pressure at 20°C) vs. ASME Class logic (Design Pressure at extreme temps).
The "Hidden Boss" of German Standards (Not DIN, but Mandatory)
AD 2000 (Merkblatt)	Regulations for Pressure Vessels & Piping	The "German Constitution" for Safety. Even if you meet EN standards, many German projects mandate AD 2000. It requires stricter material toughness (impact test) and stricter calculation margins than standard EN codes.	Active	It stands alone. While EN 13445 exists for vessels, AD 2000 is still preferred in the German chemical industry (BASF, Bayer, etc.) for its rigorous safety philosophy.

3.2 Appendix B: British Standards (BS)

British Standards have historically played a major role in the oil, gas, and process industries. While many have been harmonized with EN/ISO standards, key documents like BS 6364 for cryogenic testing remain global benchmarks.

Standard Number	Title / Subject	Relevance & Key Features	Current Status	Superseded by / Correlates with
BS 6364	Valves for cryogenic service	The definitive global standard for type-testing valves at cryogenic temperatures (-196°C). It specifies test procedures, apparatus, and leakage rate acceptance criteria for both seat and external leakage.	Active (Latest edition 2023)	Correlates with MSS SP-134. No direct EN/ISO equivalent holds the same industry authority.
BS 5155	Specification for butterfly valves	The former British standard for the design and dimensions of butterfly valves.	Withdrawn	Superseded by BS EN 593.
BS 6755-1	Testing of valves. Specification for pressure testing of metallic valves	The former British standard for pressure testing.	Withdrawn	Superseded by BS EN 12266-1.
BS 6755-2	Testing of valves. Specification for fire type-testing requirements	The former British standard for fire testing.	Withdrawn	Superseded by API 607 / ISO 10497.
The "Zombie" Standards (Officially Dead, Commercially Alive)
BS 1873	Steel Globe Valves	"The Heavyweight". Still widely requested by Oil & Gas users because it dictates thicker wall sections and more robust designs than the newer EN/ISO standards.	Withdrawn	Superseded by BS EN 13709 (and ISO 15761). Users often reject the new standard in favor of the old BS 1873 design rules.
BS 1868	Steel Check Valves (Swing Type)	"The Classic Swing". Like BS 1873, this is preferred over API equivalents for its heavy-duty construction. It remains the de-facto market reference for cast steel swing check valves.	Withdrawn	Superseded by BS EN 16767. However, asking for a "BS 1868 Check Valve" is still the standard way to buy a heavy swing check.
BS 5351	Steel Ball Valves	The grandfather of floating and trunnion ball valve standards.	Withdrawn	Superseded by ISO 17292 (BS EN 1983). Unlike the others, the industry has largely accepted the switch to ISO 17292, but you will still see old specs calling for BS 5351.
Legacy Flanges (The "Will Not Fit" Warning)
BS 10	Flanges (Tables D, E, F, H...)	The Nightmare for Beginners. Specifies flat face flanges using letters (e.g., "Table E"). Warning: Bolt holes DO NOT align with ASME or EN flanges. Common in old water systems and Commonwealth countries (HK, Singapore, Australia).	Withdrawn (Mostly)	Superseded by BS EN 1092. Tip: If a customer asks for "Table E", do not try to convert it. You must buy exactly Table E.

3.3 Appendix C: Japanese Standards (JIS)

Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) are developed by the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and are widely respected in Asia and globally, particularly in shipbuilding and plant engineering.

Standard Number	Title / Subject	Relevance & Key Features	Current Status
JIS B2003	Valve inspection - General	The primary Japanese standard for general valve inspection and testing. It specifies shell tests, seat tests (hydrostatic and pneumatic), and backseat tests. Similar in scope to API 598.	Active
JIS B2032	Wafer type rubber-seated butterfly valves	Specifies the design, materials, dimensions, and testing for rubber-seated butterfly valves. References JIS B2003 for testing procedures.	Active
JIS B2220	Steel pipe flanges	Defines the pressure ratings (e.g., 5K, 10K, 20K) and dimensions for steel pipe flanges. This is the essential standard for ensuring connectivity of JIS-rated valves.	Active
JIS F7480	Shipbuilding - Steel valve fire-safe test	A fire-testing standard specifically for marine applications. While ISO 10497 is more common for industrial use, this is critical in shipbuilding contexts.	Active
JIS B2002	Face-to-face dimensions for valves	The "Short Leg" Trap. Specifies the length of JIS valves. Warning: JIS valves are often shorter than ASME/DIN valves. A JIS 10K Gate Valve is NOT the same length as an ASME 150 Gate Valve. You cannot swap them without modifying the pipe.	Active
Marine Specific Standards (The "JIS F-Series" Dominance)
JIS F 7301 / F 7303	Marine Bronze Valves (Gloves / Gates)	The King of Shipbuilding. Specifies Bronze (Gunmetal) valves strictly for seawater service on ships. Key Feature: High corrosion resistance and specific "Flat Face" flanges that differ from industrial B-series valves.	Active
JIS F 7121	Marine Cast Iron Valves	Standard Cast Iron valves for ship machinery spaces (fresh water/oil). Logic for Beginners: If the request starts with "F" (e.g., F7121), it goes on a Boat. Do not quote a standard industrial valve; it will be rejected by the class surveyor.	Active

3.4 Appendix D: Chinese Standards (GB/T)

GB/T (Guobiao/Tuījiàn, meaning National/Recommended) standards are the national standards of China. With China's growth as a major industrial producer, understanding these standards is crucial for global procurement and projects within the country.

Standard Number	Title / Subject	Relevance & Key Features	Current Status
GB/T 13927	Industrial valves - Pressure testing	The primary general-purpose valve testing standard in China. It is largely harmonized with ISO 5208, specifying shell tests, high and low-pressure seat tests, and using a system of leakage rates.	Active
GB/T 12238	Flanged and wafer butterfly valves	The main product standard for butterfly valves, covering design, materials, face-to-face dimensions, and testing requirements. It mandates testing according to GB/T 13927.	Active
JB/T 8527	Valve packing static test procedure	A key machinery industry standard that specifies methods for testing the sealing performance of valve packing, analogous to API 622 but for the Chinese market.	Active
GB/T 9112 ~ 9124	Steel pipe flanges series	A comprehensive series of standards defining types, dimensions, and technical conditions for various steel flanges (e.g., slip-on, weld neck, blind). This series defines both PN (European) and Class (American) systems.	Active
JB/T 9092	Valve Inspection and Testing	The "Chinese API 598". Unlike GB/T 13927 (which mimics ISO), this standard mimics API 598. Logic for Beginners: If a Chinese refinery asks for a valve tested per "domestic standards" but wants API-level severity, they usually mean this one.	Active
Chemical Industry Standards (The "HG" Series - Critical for Plants)
HG/T 20592	Steel Pipe Flanges (PN Series / Class Series)	The "Chemical Plant" Bible. Used massively in China's chemical industry. Warning: Do NOT assume HG flanges are identical to GB flanges. In some sizes/pressures, the sealing face thickness or bolt hole diameter differs. Always check: Is the project "GB system" or "HG system"?	Active
HG/T 20615	Steel Pipe Flanges (Class Series)	Specifically covers the "American Style" (Class 150, 300, etc.) flanges within the Chinese Chemical standard system. Ensuring compatibility with ASME B16.5 valves.	Active
GB/T 12224	General Requirements for Industrial Steel Valves	The "Translation" of ASME B16.34. It defines pressure-temperature ratings for Chinese materials. Logic: It tells you how much pressure a Chinese steel (like WCB equivalent) can hold at 400°C. It bridges the gap between US design rules and Chinese materials.	Active

3.5 Appendix E: Russian Standards (GOST)

GOST standards are the primary set of technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), and are obligatory in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). They have their own distinct system for pressure classes and testing.

Standard Number	Title / Subject	Relevance & Key Features	Current Status
GOST 9544-2015	Pipeline valves. Shut-off valves seal tightness norms	The fundamental GOST standard defining leakage rate classes for valve seats and stuffing boxes. It specifies four main tightness classes: A, B, C, D. Class A signifies "no visible leaks" (gas-tight).	Active
GOST 33259-2015	Flanges of pipeline valves, fittings and pipelines. Design, dimensions and general technical requirements	The modern GOST standard for flanges, which aims to harmonize with ISO standards. It defines dimensions for flanges based on PN ratings.	Active
GOST 12815-80	Flanges for valves, fittings, pipes and apparatus	The older, but still widely encountered, GOST flange standard. It defines dimensions and joining types. It's crucial to specify which standard (GOST 33259 or GOST 12815) is required.	Superseded but widely referenced
GOST R 54808-2011	Industrial valves. Fire-type testing requirements	The Russian standard for fire testing of industrial valves, serving a similar purpose to ISO 10497 / API 607 within the CIS region.	Active
Mandatory Certification (The "EAC" Visa - Critical for Customs)
TR CU 010 / 032 (EAC Marking)	Technical Regulations of the Customs Union	The "Passport" to Russia. Technically not a "test standard", but legally mandatory. TR CU 010: Safety of Machinery. TR CU 032: Safety of Pressure Equipment. Without the EAC certificate/declaration, goods cannot clear Russian customs.	Active / Mandatory
Climatic & Material Standards (Surviving the Cold)
GOST 15150	Machines, instruments and other technical products. Executions for different climatic regions	The "Siberia Rule". Defines climatic categories like U1 (Temperate) and UHL1 (Cold, down to -60°C). Logic for Beginners: If the spec says "UHL", standard Carbon Steel (WCB) is banned. You must use Low Temp Carbon Steel or Stainless Steel.	Active
GOST 5632	Stainless steels and corrosion resisting alloys	The "Code Breaker". Defines Russian steel grades (e.g., 12Kh18N9T, 10Kh17N13M2T). Tip: You need a translation table to map these to ASME grades (e.g., 12Kh18N9T ≈ AISI 321). Don't guess!	Active

4.1 Leakage Rate Classifications (per ISO 5208 / EN 12266-1)

Unlike the simple pass/fail criteria of API 598, ISO and EN standards provide a granular classification of seat tightness. The purchaser must specify the required rate. This table summarizes the maximum allowable leakage for the most common rates.

Rate	Test Fluid	Maximum Allowable Leakage	Description / Common Application
Rate A	Liquid	0 (No visually detectable leakage)	Bubble-tight / Zero Leakage. Required for critical isolation, resilient-seated valves, and where specified. Equivalent to API 598.
Rate A	Gas	1 bubble (approx. 0.3 mm³/s) over the test duration.
Rate AA	Gas	0.01 × DN (mm³/s)	Special high-integrity gas tightness class in EN 12266-1, tighter than Rate B.
Rate B	Gas	0.3 × DN (mm³/s)	A common industrial standard for metal-seated gas valves.
Rate C	Liquid	0.1 × DN (ml/s)	Common for general purpose liquid applications with metal seats.
Rate D	Liquid	1.0 × DN (ml/s)	Often the default for large water pipeline valves. The default rate for API 6D hydrostatic seat tests.
Rate E, F, G	Liquid / Gas	Rate E: 0.3 × DN (mm³/s) Rate F: 1.0 × DN (mm³/s) Rate G: 2.0 × DN (mm³/s)	The "Check Valve" Reality. Check valves rely on back-pressure to seal. At low pressure, they leak. Beginner Trap: Never ask for Rate A on a metal Check Valve. Rate E or EE is usually the best physically possible.
Visual Translation Guide (How to eyeball leakage)
1 Drop of Liquid		≈ 0.05 ml = 50 mm³	If the limit is 50 mm³/s, it means "1 drop per second" is allowed.
1 Bubble of Gas		≈ 3 to 5 mm³	If the limit is 30 mm³/s, it means a steady stream of bubbles (6-10 bubbles per second) is technically ACCEPTABLE for large metal valves (Rate D). *Don't panic if you see bubbles on a Rate D test!
Unit Correction Logic		Watch out for "ml" vs "mm³". 1 ml = 1,000 mm³. Many old specs erroneously write "ml/s" when they mean "mm³/s". If a spec allows "1 ml/s", that's a cup of water every 4 minutes (HUGE leak). Always clarify units!
Note on DN: DN (Diamètre Nominal) is the nominal diameter of the valve in millimeters. For example, for a DN 100 (4-inch) valve specified to Rate C, the maximum allowable liquid leakage would be 0.1 × 100 = 10 ml/s.

4.2 Archivist's Concluding Statement

This archive asserts that a valve's integrity is not defined by a single standard, but by the rigorous, verifiable, and documented application of the correct standard for its intended service. True fidelity in valve engineering and procurement is achieved only through a comprehensive understanding of these interconnected global protocols—from general pressure tests like API 598 to specialized validations like BS 6364 for cryogenics and the quantified leakage rates of ISO 5208. To specify a valve is to specify its proof of performance; this archive serves as the definitive lexicon for that proof.